Riding, Not Wearing: Shunsuke Ishikawa Walks Through All 15 Pairs of New Balance's 99X Series

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Overview

Fashion designer Shunsuke Ishikawa, founder of MARKAWARE, says he has worn New Balance for "thirty-odd years" and calls it the sneaker he has worn most in his life. In this long session he lays out every model in New Balance's 99X line, from the 1982 990 to the 2023 991v2, fifteen pairs in all. Every pair shown is Made in USA or Made in England. He opens with three questions. Why do sneaker lovers end up at New Balance? Why do fashion people keep drifting away and coming back? Why do people who work on their feet insist nothing else will do? His short answer, which he returns to throughout, is a pun on "ride comfort": you don't wear this series, you ride it.

27 min read

Three Questions, Three Answers

Ishikawa gives his answers before getting into individual shoes.

Why sneaker lovers choose New Balance. He points to design. The 1980s models were "a bit dowdy," with something of the feel of a suede leather shoe. He says that seriously made, slightly unglamorous look suited late-'80s Americans very well. It was also the image New Balance pushed when it first started appearing in the media, and he thinks that is a large part of why it caught on.

Why fashion people come back. He describes the history as repeated waves. First came the 1300 and 576, the models that defined the brand, followed by the 996 and its neighbors. When that interest cooled, the "dad-shoe" wave arrived. A group of 99X models that looked "a bit middle-aged-uncle-ish but cool" fit neatly into it. When interest faded again, a collaboration boom a few years ago brought fashion people back all at once, especially through the 990v3, 992, and 993. In his view the underlying reason is that New Balance simply makes good sneakers. Fashion's return cycles ride on top of that, along with the pull of "that one I used to wear, I want to wear it again."

Why people on their feet swear by it. He says it comes down to comfort, rooted in the company's origins: heel stability and arch support are excellent, so the shoes don't tire you out. He tells a story about the chef at a Spanish restaurant he loves. Because chefs stand and move all day, this chef told him other sneakers just won't do and it has to be New Balance. Ishikawa offers this as evidence that people who stand for a living rate the shoes highly.

Origins: Arch Supports, a Chicken, and the First 990

According to Ishikawa, New Balance was founded in 1906 as a maker of arch supports, meaning insoles and supports that hold up the arch of the foot. So it was a company that thought seriously about foot support from the beginning. He compares it with Alden, also from Massachusetts, which he says only took up arch support seriously after buying a medical and orthopedic shoe maker in the 1950s. By that measure, New Balance's lineage is older. He retells the founding story: founder William Riley watched a chicken balancing on its three-pronged foot, and that idea of balance gave the company its name. Given those roots, Ishikawa says, making a shoe that doesn't tire you over long hours was the aim from the start.

He traces the product line from the 1960s Trackster, the first ready-made sneaker and essentially a leather one, to the famous 320 jogging shoe. He owned an early 320, which he says had no "N" logo at first, just two slits on the side, with the "N" added a year later. That pair has since gone missing. The 1300 (still reissued once a year in its Japanese version) and the outdoorsy, trail-running-style 576 became a huge boom in Japan from the late 1980s. Ishikawa experienced that boom in real time. Magazines called the 1300 "the Rolls-Royce of the sneaker world," and he says its comfort really was completely different from other sneakers of the day. The 1300 was too expensive for him at first, though many people around him wore it. He wore the 576, but also admits a contrarian streak. He deliberately wore a Saucony shoe that he describes as a knockoff of the 576, because New Balance felt "too mainstream, no fun."

The 990 arrived in 1982. Ishikawa says it established the idea of the luxury sneaker. It sold for $100 in the US, a bit over ¥30,000 in Japan, with the tagline that it was a sneaker scoring "990 out of 1,000 points." He guesses that the model number existed first and that a marketing firm built the slogan around it, but he presents that as speculation.

Ishikawa's Three Recommendations

Before the full walkthrough, he names his three picks.

First: the Made in USA M992 (2006). It was released to mark New Balance's 100th anniversary, and Ishikawa calls it "Steve Jobs's New Balance." He suggests it may be the number-one sneaker for businesspeople, who could "draw on a bit of Steve Jobs." He especially likes that it has what he believes is the smallest "N" in New Balance history, less than half the size of the original 990's logo and much smaller than the 990v6's. He says it uses ABZORB SBS, a cushioning technology he compares to Nike Air, and describes the ride as solid, substantial, and comfortable over long hours. For him the 992 is the most complete design in the series and the best first 99X to buy. He acknowledges that many fashion people prefer the 993 instead. His own tiebreaker is only that the 993's "N" is a bit bigger.

Second: the 990v2 (1998). For people who want the "true" 99X from the 990 line itself, he recommends the second-generation 990. He sees it as designed with the 21st century in mind: it keeps some '80s–'90s dowdiness but makes the design futuristic. It has curves he doesn't associate with New Balance and possibly some reference to other makers, plus a new diagonal line across the upper that he likens to kabuki makeup. He says the biggest difference between 20th- and 21st-century New Balance is the upper. Older models had a soft, enveloping feel from padding behind the leather, and he considers the 990v2 the last shoe to keep that feel. It combines that with an ABZORB-softened sole.

Third: the 990v6, the current model. Ishikawa leaves it to viewers to decide whether the newest 99X is the best one. He calls it very easy to walk in, with a modern comfort the series "finally arrived at," thanks to FuelCell cushioning. He places it in the context of soft, springy shoes like HOKA becoming popular. The 990 line began as a jogging shoe but has leaned toward lifestyle use, while true performance running went to other model numbers. He thinks the v6 reclaims some of the old jogging character. He admits it drew heavy criticism, that he initially thought he wouldn't buy it, and that he understands complaints that it looks cheaper than before. Even so, on days when he knows he will walk all day, he finds himself choosing it. His co-host Eddie, who bought a pair on his recommendation, says they were surprised by the comfort.

Ishikawa singles out the v6's heel hold as a real evolution. He says older models cinched mainly at the collar. The v6 has a firmer heel cup and holds the heel itself, starting from the arch. Some people report heel lift, but for him it fixes the heel more firmly than any earlier model, and less heel wobble makes walking less tiring. He also notes that Teddy Santis of Aimé Leon Dore, now the creative director of the Made in USA line, is said to have been involved from around this model. He sees the v6 as setting the direction for 2020s New Balance.

What "Made in USA" Means Here

Ishikawa says the 99X series is basically made in the US and the UK, in about six factories in total by his count. He cites what he describes as New Balance's philosophy: a factory in the next room is easier to quality-control than one on another continent.

He explains his understanding of the Made in USA label. The US Federal Trade Commission originally required a product to be entirely US-made to carry the label. He says that in the 1990s a consumer survey found 67% of respondents thought 70% or more domestic content was enough, and New Balance uses that threshold. New Balance acknowledges that a substantial share of materials is imported. Ishikawa contrasts this with what he says happens with many "Made in Japan" or "Made in Italy" goods today, where most of the work is done overseas and only one step is done domestically. By comparison he considers New Balance's approach quite conscientious. He says the construction grade of the US- and UK-made 99X shoes is a class above the Asian-made models, and that wearers can feel the difference.

A Glossary of New Balance Technology

Ishikawa goes through the terms roughly in the order they appeared.

Motion Control Device. A small part attached at the heel of early models, on top of a polyurethane sole. It stabilizes the heel and limits the foot rolling inward or outward, which he says is a major problem for joggers.

ENCAP. Soft, elastic EVA wrapped in harder polyurethane. EVA alone would squish out sideways and collapse. The polyurethane rim lets it compress straight down and spring back. Its main weakness, which he calls the thing New Balance fans agonize over most, is that polyurethane hydrolyzes and eventually crumbles.

C-CAP. Compression-molded EVA with no polyurethane. It is light, resists water, and doesn't hydrolyze. It is hidden inside the sole and usually used together with ENCAP. Ishikawa says a Japanese company, which the transcript renders as Tsukiyoshi, was involved in its production and development.

ABZORB. An elastomer developed by DuPont, often visible as a blue insert. He describes it as absorbing shock firmly and returning a moderate bounce, "not as poppy as Air." The 998 was the first 99X model to use it. Later models show it more openly, which he attributes to Nike's influence.

ABZORB SBS. ABZORB with the internal air bubbles removed, turning it into a jelly-like, non-cellular elastomer. He says it was first used on the 992 and later explains that SBS stands for styrene-butadiene-styrene. He admits he doesn't really understand the chemistry. Its main selling point, he says, is that it doesn't sag.

ABZORB DTS. A two-layer version combining ABZORB with another foam to boost cushioning and stability, used on the 993. In the glossary he expands the acronym as "Dual Technology System" (or dual density). When he later reaches the 993, he calls it "Dynamic Transition System."

FuelCell. A high-rebound midsole foam formed by injecting nitrogen gas. It is meant to turn push-off energy into forward propulsion. He admits he doesn't fully understand it but says you can feel the propulsion. The 990v6 was the first 99X to use it. He says FuelCell comes in several firmness grades: the v6 uses a firmer, denser version, while running-focused models get softer ones.

Hydrolysis, Care, and the Porsche Analogy

Because polyurethane hydrolyzes, Ishikawa says many older pairs, the 997 in particular, have crumbled. His main advice, especially for Japan, is to wear them rather than store them. His explanation is that pressure from walking compresses the internal bubbles, letting the material "breathe" and release trapped moisture. A pair left boxed on a shelf for years may go slippery and crumble, and the sole may come off.

He sums up the design philosophy this way. New Balance started as a running shoe maker, pours the latest available technology into each model, and manages to combine stability and cushioning, which he says are genuinely hard to reconcile. The upper locks the foot down from the arch through the collar. The saddle, a leather piece that runs through the generations, supports the arch, and the heel cup and Motion Control Device stabilize the heel. As he talks through all this, he says the shoe starts to feel like "the Porsche of the sneaker world." It is practical for city driving but has sports-car stability, like good suspension. That is the root of his "ride, don't wear" line. He notes that the 1300 had been called a Rolls-Royce, and says a New Balance engineer once spoke of respecting Porsche.

He brings a table comparing model numbers. Porsche 911 enthusiasts use internal type numbers: 901/911, 930, 964, 993, 996, 997, then back down to 991 and 992, the latest. New Balance went 990, 995, 996, 997, 998, 999, then to "990v2," then 991, 992, 993, then 990v3. Ishikawa jokes that New Balance is "one step ahead" of Porsche, having reached 993 in its second cycle. He also claims New Balance used 99-prefixed numbers first. At the end he frames the connection as unofficial, a kind of period synchronicity rather than a documented link.

The 1980s: 990, 995, 996

990 (1982). Priced at $100, three to four times a normal sneaker, and in the ¥30,000 range in Japan. Ishikawa says the brand's philosophy is packed into this one pair. Other jogging shoes of the time used Adidas-style stripes or Nike's nylon-and-swoosh approach. The 990 instead used leather running from the eyelets to the saddle to cinch the foot, plus a Motion Control Device to stabilize the heel. It had a supportive insole and contact surface and some room at the toe. It came in five or six widths, though he notes widths are rarely sold in Japan. The goal was to fit the foot and minimize injury. This model and the next have Vibram soles. He also explains slip lasting: take out the insole and you see the upper wrapped as a single sheet with a seam down the middle. This, he says, makes the fit firm yet soft. He thinks the gray colorway suits Americana styling.

995 (1986). He calls it a transitional model overshadowed by the 996, but important as the first 99X with ENCAP. He demonstrates the sound on camera, tapping a normal sole and then the harder-sounding ENCAP sole. The hard rim makes the EVA sink straight down and spring back, so he thinks the ride improved over the 990. He finds the construction slightly worse, though: the 990's Motion Control Device was stitched on, while the 995's is only glued. He also flags a problem that carries into the 996. The sole tapers more and is narrower than the 990's, which he sees as a change for the worse.

996 (1988). Ishikawa calls it the "honor student" of the series. It has a more refined design with a flowing heel and a Motion Control Device reshaped from a plain U. It combines ENCAP with C-CAP for cushioning and stability, better resistance to sagging, and lower weight. He says he wore out about three pairs of the gray 996 and always kept a spare, though he couldn't find that stock pair for the video and borrowed a red one. It was designed by Steven Smith, who Ishikawa says later worked on Yeezy with Kanye West. The drawback is the narrower sole taper. He says on sloped ground the foot rolls easily and you can turn an ankle. He mentions a bad experience that means he can't wear it now. His co-host interjects that on that occasion Ishikawa was actually wearing Paraboots. He still considers the 996 an excellent match for Americana clothing, and notes it is still made in various versions, including Asian-made ones. He characterizes the whole '80s group as keeping the strong flavor of the 1300 and 576 era.

The 1990s: 997, 998, 999

Ishikawa calls the 1990s the high-tech era, when the shoes evolved into futuristic dad sneakers.

997 (1990). A sharply sculpted design. The sole is locked hard with ENCAP, the transition between sole and Motion Control Device is reworked, and the saddle is pushed further back for a more "middle-aged-uncle-ish" look. He says it is regarded as Steven Smith's last New Balance design. Where the 996 refined things, the 997 was made to show off the engineering. ENCAP and C-CAP are molded into one unit rather than stacked. A Hytrel resin strap at the collar helps cinch it; he notes a similar part returns on the 990v5 and gets criticized there. He advises always lacing through the top two eyelets so the saddle, collar, and heel all lock the foot. The outsole uses X-AR 1000 carbon rubber for durability. He also points out that '90s New Balance soles look thick because the upper rises and the Motion Control Device is integrated, but in wear they are actually fairly thin.

His anecdote about the 997: during a factory relocation around the 998 era, the sole mold was lost, so the model couldn't be reissued. United Arrows and NONNATIVE instead produced a collaboration that put the later 998 sole on a 997 upper. Enthusiasts call it the "997.5," and he says it now carries a high premium.

998 (1993). The first 99X with ABZORB. Ishikawa says the uniform bubble structure resists sagging, absorbs shock, and gives a moderate bounce. The ride absorbs rather than bounces. He personally prefers ABZORB to Nike Air and finds it more suited to everyday wear. With pigskin suede and a classic look over a new-generation sole, it has been reissued often, and he calls it a connoisseur's pick.

999 (1996). With the number reaching its last digit, he says this model has the most complex sole of the era. The Motion Control Device shows less, the sole looks thicker, and ABZORB is now exposed at the bottom of the sole rather than the top, which changes the ride. A metatarsal pad was added, which he admits he doesn't fully understand, and the logo shrank. He calls it one of the most loaded-up models in the series and "a really, really good sneaker." Whether you like its snub-nosed shape will decide whether you love it.

The 990v2: A Shoe Built for the New Century

Released in 1998, sixteen years after the original 990, the v2 is Ishikawa's second pick. He explains its context as the turn of the century, when many makers were designing with the 21st century in mind. It inherits the thick sole developed through the 999, but the lines become rounder and more complex, a clear break from the earlier straight-line designs. It builds on the 999's multi-layer midsole, with ABZORB bulging out and running full-length inside, so the ride became more absorbent. It keeps the soft, enveloping upper of the older models even as later 2000s shoes turned firmer. It is also the first to carry the diagonal "kumadori" line across the mesh.

He points out one clear change. ABZORB made the forefoot flex stiffer than earlier models, which bent more loosely. Later models keep that firmness. Wearing it today, he finds that firmness just right for walking around, somewhat like a leather shoe. He notes many people call the v2 the masterpiece of the series and calls it a century-spanning sneaker.

The 2000s: 991, 992, 993

Ishikawa calls the 2000s the era when the 99X design was completed and became the shape people now picture.

991 (2001). After the "hedging" v2 name, the numbering went back to the lowest digit. The pair shown is a United Arrows collaboration made at the Flimby factory in the UK. He is unsure whether a US version originally existed and says some people claim it did. It shows visible ABZORB in forefoot and heel, a gentler, less assertive sole design, and a wave-like pattern. He says it is known for a very hard sole: very stable, with less cushioning than other models. Some dislike it for that and others love it. He compares its firmness to the original 990 and contrasts it with the '90s models, which felt like being wrapped in thick socks. He thinks the change comes partly from the upper being split into more panels.

He highlights the second defining 21st-century design feature. Until now the saddle (where the "N" sits) and the eyestay (around the lace holes) were one continuous piece that cinched together. On the 991 they are split, which the v2 did not yet have. Together with the kumadori line, this made the 991 "one completed form" of the design. He says Steve Jobs wore the 991 at the 2007 iPhone unveiling and later wore the 992. He jokes that any businessperson hoping to launch a hit product should wear it.

992 (2006). His favorite. It was a 100th-anniversary model with ABZORB SBS, which he says added pillowy cushioning and good hold. Compared with the sharper 991, it looks rounder, and he describes its design as walking the razor's edge between dowdiness and good design. He praises how New Balance black suede ages. As it is washed and worn it fades and turns fuzzy, and while most sneakers look unpleasant when worn in, he finds a worn-in New Balance endearing. The 992 was made until 2010 and was reissued in 2020, when it sold very quickly. His one complaint is that the original had six eyelets and the reissue has five. He has heard this came from sampling a women's model, and he would prefer six.

993 (2008). Equipped with ABZORB DTS, it is in his view one of the finest walking sneakers. He calls the 992-versus-993 preference a trivial, subtle difference for ordinary wearers and says there isn't a dramatic difference in comfort. Both have many collaborations and similar colorways, so he suggests choosing by a collaborator you like.

The 2010s: 990v3, v4, v5

He describes the 2010s as inheriting the 2000s design while improving the shoe's completeness as a jogging shoe.

990v3 (2012). Released for the 990's 30th anniversary. The eyestay and saddle reconnect but branch partway, making the design more intricate, more streamlined, and less stubby. He has heard that runners rate the v3 and v4 highly, and points out that he doesn't jog himself. Technically, ABZORB placement appears split. The outsole is no longer molded as one piece to the heel but is divided, exposing some of the white midsole. He thinks this returns the shoe to a firmer, older-style flex and suspects it may be one reason runners find it easy to run in. The ENCAP also got wider. The pair shown is a 2021 collaboration with the Boston shop Bodega, which he says has "2006" on one element and "2021" on another as a playful reversal.

990v4 (2016). The pair shown is a JJJJound collaboration. The flowing design goes further than the v3 and shifts from dad-shoe toward refined, while inheriting elements of the 2000s models. The saddle is split again. The sole is firmer than the v3's but flexes with a pillowy feel partway through the step. He acknowledges the common view that the v4 leaves a fainter impression than the v3 and says that's true, but that runners reportedly find it very good for running.

990v5 (2019). After the numbers stopped at 993, New Balance began updating the 990 line in quick succession. The v5 is much simpler and cleaner in design, with a very secure, locked-in structure. A TPU plastic part holds the heel firmly. Ishikawa thinks this part is genuinely useful, but it wasn't well-received, and the design's break from the previous two models also hurt its reception. He admits he didn't much love the v5 but calls it a good sneaker. His pair is an Engineered Garments collaboration with completely different panels on the left and right. He always wears size 8, but in this pair the fit differs so much between feet that they feel like different sizes. He takes this as proof of how much panel construction affects stretch and fit.

The 2020s: The 990v6 Controversy and the 991v2

Ishikawa says the direction of the 2020s isn't yet clear.

He calls the 990v6 (2022) "the most recent problem child" and explains why many people declared they wouldn't buy it. First, FuelCell changed the ride even more than ABZORB once did. The old firm, sinking feel gave way to a squishy rebound, "not boing-boing." Because the material is softer than hard ENCAP, the shoe feels noticeably soft when you land at an angle. Detractors point to side wrinkles forming on the midsole and question its durability. Second, the saddle is gone. The shoe is now supported through the "N" logo, which he likens to Adidas's three stripes. He says hold does not actually drop, but some feel it is no longer a real 99X. Third, more mesh raised suspicions of cost-cutting. Fourth, the sole is noticeably thicker, leaning toward other brands. The Motion Control Device is no longer visible and the heel juts out. He adds a trend he has seen since around the v3: a lower, sharper toe. That draws complaints that the 99X should be more homely, and he agrees the older "potato-like" shape was cute. Still, he says he loves the v6. In wear it gives more cushioning and handles awkward landings better, and he considers it a good sneaker.

The 991v2, first released in 2023 with a full release he believes was in 2024, is the updated Made in England 991. He had shown a black pair on the channel before but couldn't find it, so he bought a gray one for this video. He says it feels a bit heavy compared with other models, though it should be some tens of grams lighter than the original. He reads the weight as a sign of a solid sole. The upper looks similar but has changed in many places. The saddle is unsplit again, bringing back traits of the late-'90s models, and it keeps the small "N." He thinks New Balance may have taken lessons from the v6 reaction and gone more classic. It has both ABZORB and FuelCell, which he sees as addressing the complaint that the 991 is too hard. He likes its sturdy, New Balance-ish feel. He admits, though, that his feet have "gone soft," so for long hours he would reach for the v6. He also prefers the original 991's plumper shape to the v2's longer, crisper profile. So the 2020s have produced two models heading in slightly different directions, and he is watching whether each continues on its own line.

What Comes Next: 994 or 990v7?

He counts the generations: three models in the '80s, four in the '90s (depending on how you count the v2), three in the 2000s, and three in the 2010s. By that pattern he speculates one more 2020s model may come. The 2000s had one UK model and two US models, so following that flow, one more US model would complete the decade. The open question is whether it will be a 990v7 or the long-missing 994, which he says has so far been treated almost like a retired number. He adds that assigning a 99-series number reportedly requires the chairman's approval and cannot be decided by the planning team, so whether a 994 appears depends on that decision.

Closing: Enjoying the Homeliness

Summing up, Ishikawa repeats his line that you ride the 99X series rather than wear it, and describes the Porsche connection as unofficial synchronicity. When a co-host notes that he lived through every generation in real time, he admits that he ignored some models when they came out because they didn't fit what he was wearing. He brings up the strong image New Balance had in the early '90s: on trips to America he saw many white middle-aged men in Boston wearing it, including the old 320. The co-host adds that the shoes start to suit you as you get older, and he agrees that's part of it. He says wearing dad sneakers on purpose became a fashion in its own right, but the genuine "uncle shoes" of that time were, for him, impossible to wear.

His final point, which he expects to be criticized for, is that New Balance's homeliness is exactly what makes it enjoyable. He thinks people should recognize that again, and says those who wear New Balance believing it is super stylish might reconsider their aesthetic sense a little.